Kawasaki Ki-10

The Kawasaki Ki-10, known to the Imperial Japanese Army as the Army Type 95 Fighter and to the Allies by the code name Perry, was the last biplane fighter the army used. Takeo Doi, who had followed Richard Vogt as Kawasaki chief designer, drew it up in response to an army requirement, and it won a competition against the more advanced low-wing Ki-11 monoplane from Nakajima because the army preferred its manoeuvrability. It had unequal-span braced wings, an all-metal fabric-covered structure, two 7.7 mm machine guns and an 850 horsepower liquid-cooled Kawasaki V-12 engine. Production totalled 588 aircraft, which fought in Manchukuo and northern China and were largely obsolete by the Nomonhan fighting of 1939. They were retired to training in 1941 and returned briefly to patrol duty in early 1942.